The 1920s Essay -- essays research papers fc

The 1920’s The 1920’s where a time of conservatism, it was a time of great social change. From the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces clashed to produce the most explosive decade of the century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, which made alcohol illegal. It was called the Prohibition Amendment. This was known as the â€Å"Noble Experiment†. All importing, exporting, selling, manufacturing and transporting of alcohol were illegal. The older people favored this amendment. They felt that alcohol was bad because of the way people behaved after drinking. People thought that crime, death rates and poverty would decrease now because alcohol was illegal. The younger generation did not like this amendment. Many people did not really listen to the law. The law actually increased the amount of people drinking alcohol. Some people would try and make alcohol in their own homes. This was called â€Å"bathtub gin†. Alcohol would be smuggled from Canada during the twenties (Microsoft Encarta, 1999). Saloons that used to serve liquor were now called speak-easies. Instead of reducing the crimes rates, crime was actually greater. Organized crime w as developed because of Prohibition. Sometimes police were bribed and went along with what was going on and would not do anything. The death rates were much higher than before. â€Å"Prohibition destroyed legal jobs, created black-market violence, diverted resources from enforcement of other laws and increased prices people had to pay for prohibited goods† (Thorton, Mark 1991). Al Capone was one of the most powerful bootleggers in Chicago, there were many gangs rivales due to prohibition the people who were bootlegging became wealthy because many people wanted alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1920’s, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, which gave women the right to vote. During this decade women became strong and more independent. Women were accomplishing a lot more than they had before. Women started going to college so she could earn her own living. More women started leaving the home and working at a factory or as a secretary. Women were discriminated at the work place. They received lower wages then man did. In the 1920’s, the term flapper was introduced. It was first used in Britain after World War 1. Young women were labeled as flappers who wore makeup shorter skirts. Fl... ...hat followed, forty billion dollars were lost. The Great Depression had started. The 1920’s was a decade that changes American life. Frederick Lewis Allen describes the twenties as a â€Å"revolution in manners and morals.† The twenties has been named all types of nicknames, such as: â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†, â€Å"The Era of Wonderful Nonsense†, â€Å"The Decade of the Dollar†, â€Å"The Period of the Psyche†, â€Å" Dry Decade† and the age of â€Å"Alcohol and Al Capone† (Gales Research, 1998). During the twenties, the way Americans lived had changed. The 1920’s was a time in history that has been remembered for its great prosperity but also for its great loss. The Great Depression is what ended the Roaring Twenties. Works Cited Gales Research. 1998. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1999. Movies, Music, and Sports of the 1920’s. 9 March. 2003 http://www.albany.edu/ The Roaring Twenties Hitchhikers Guide- lectures with links and Photos H102   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lecture 09. 9 March. 2003 http://evip.fresno.com/ Thorton, Mark. â€Å"Policy Analysis: Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure.† July 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1991. Online. Netscape. 23 April 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

First Few Weeks in High School Essay

High school is an enjoyable, but challenging part of life. From the first day of school to the 5th week of school I was confused, excited, and lost. My challenges are getting A’s in all of my classes and being one of the top students in my classes. My successful moments have been getting A’s on my History, English, Geometry, and Biology tests. My goal in AVID is to find which college would best suit me. Also, I would like to increase my public speaking skills. The transition from middle school to high school is a giant leap regarding the amount of work required and the quantity of responsibilities. First of all, from the first Day of high school to the 5th week, I was confused, excited, and lost. For example, I was excited because I wanted to meet new people and extend my leadership skills. In addition, I was confused because it was a whole different schedule and there was a variety of new topics that I had never heard about. Furthermore, I was lost because the school was enormous and there were a lot of new things to deal with. To conclude, during the first five weeks I still felt like it was summer so I didn’t have my act together which made a couple of things tough on me. Secondly, I have set up a couple of challenges and had a few successful moments. One of my challenges is getting A’s in all of my classes. Another challenge I havpre is being one of the top students in my classes. My successful moments have been getting A’s on my History, English, Geometry, and Biology tests. In conclusion I have challenged myself by setting up a few challenges that I must accomplish and I have had a couple successful moments so far in high school. My goal in AVID is to find which college would best suit me. Also, I would like to increase my public speaking skills. Even though I am in my first  year of high school planning ahead for my future is good because that way I can prepare for what is coming and I won’t have to do anything at the last minute. AVID also helps increase people public speaking skills which is a crucial aspect required for a lot of things that may occur in the future. Another thing AVID provides is community service, which gets you involved with the community. To finish off with, AVID is a great and important program if you want to succeed in high school and in the rest of your life. In conclusion, the transition from middle school to high school is a giant leap regarding the amount of work required and the quantity of responsibilities. From the first day of school to the 5th week of school I was confused, excited, and lost. My challenges are getting A’s in all of my classes and being one of the top students in my classes. My successful moments have been getting A’s on my History, English, Geometry, and Biology tests. My goal in AVID is to find which college would best suit me. Also, I would like to increase my public speaking skills. High school may seem hard with all the work, but It can be easy if you really try and put your mind to it.

Chapter 2 Closing Case Essay - 893 Words

Google’s Closing Case Questions 1. How does Google’s mission drive strategy at the company? Google’s mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally acceptable and useful helped it develop a very useful search engine that we all use or have used on a regular basis. They run on the mantra â€Å"don’t be evil!† They came up with the saying in the hopes to always run the business with integrity. One aspect of this was the decision to not let outside companies’ interests bias where they rank. â€Å"Don’t be evil† is the cornerstone to the company’s ethics and it is the basis of every strategic decision. (Hill Jones, 2012) 2. Is Google’s stance toward Internet search in China consistent with its mission? Google’s stance†¦show more content†¦They went completely against their principles when they started self-censorship. â€Å"Don’t be evil†, in my opinion, means exactly what it says. Don’t allow humans to over-govern other humans. By staying in a country with such intense human rights issues and censorship, they are saying they agree with it. They are contributing to China’s economy which benefits their government. The revenue from China is marginal and not worth giving up integrity. If they withdrew from China, it would send them a message that freedom of information should be standardized right of all humanity. Every one of us have opinions as to what is right and what is wrong to search on the internet but no government has the right to take the freedom to search and visit any website. The only setback is taking such a useful tool from the citizens. I feel like self-censorship is a right in our own homes. Like I said before, we all have our opinions as to what is right and what is wrong. Parents probably have a long list of websites and topics that they don’t want their kids to visit or view. But censorship should be inside the home or workplace. Parents should be able to monitor their kids’ activities on the internet and keep them from certain websites. At work, employers should be able to keep employees from engaging in certain activities on the internet to keep productivity high. But a government should not have the right to censor what we view on the internet. ThereShow MoreRelatedChapter 3 41546 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 3 #2 - When is a companys competitive advantage most likely to endure over time? A companys competitive advantage is most likely to endure over time when the company has built barriers to imitation, which make it difficult for a competitor to copy the companys distinctive competencies. Another element needed is the ability to quickly react to changes in the customers needs and have a high absorptive capacity in order to identify, value, assimilate, and use new knowledge. Lastly, theRead MoreClosing Case 13953 Words   |  4 PagesClosing Case: Chapter 13 Bonnie Jordan Managerial Finance Instructor: Kristi Rayford March 11, 2013 The Closing Case in Chapter 13 focuses on options for a 401K for an employee of the East Coast Yacht Company. Several decisions must be made regarding investments, which will be highlighted in this discussion. Equity investments can go into the S amp; P 500 or an index related option. The former has lower fees, and the latter higher ones. Other elements to be discussed include theRead MoreArts Principles869 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 2: Principles for Effective, High-Quality Out-of-School Time Arts Programs Chapter 2 is centered on ways to implement effective improvements to OST art programs using stated and latent needs gathered from the participating teens and tweens. Researchers compiled ten principles that ought to be followed/implemented in order to engage more low-income urban youth. The ten principles are: †¢ Principle 1: Instructors are professional, practicing artists, and are valued with compensation for theirRead MoreResearch: Income Statement and Laser Recording Systems Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages(Note: This is a continuation of the Cookie Chronicle from Chapters 1 through 3.) CCC4 Cookie Creations is gearing up for the winter holiday season. During the month of December 2011, the following transactions occur. Continuing Cookie Chronicle 219 Dec. 1 5 8 9 15 16 19 23 23 23 28 Natalie hires an assistant at an hourly wage of $8 to help with cookie making and some administrative duties.†¨Natalie teaches the class that was booked on November 25. The balance out- standing is received. Read MoreCase 4-1 Pc Depot714 Words   |  3 PagesSelling expense 24,900 105,750 Sales salaries Miscellaneous general expenses 31,000 6,220 Sales discounts Interest expense 9,300 Social security tax expense 9,600 Total S 1,437,790 The data for the adjustments are 1. 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To ensure that one’s data is accurate one may double check the data given to them, as well as has more than one person researching theRead MoreSoftware Project Management Quiz Questions1182 Words   |  5 PagesIT 2123 - Pre-Quiz Chapters 3 4 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. JWD Consulting’s core business goal is first presented in the ____ section of the business case. |a. |Critical Assumption and Constraints | |b. |Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement | |cRead MoreAll Things Run Their Course1744 Words   |  7 Pageslife in the city ran into death according to rule, time and tide waited for no man, the rats were sleeping close together in their dark holes again, the Fancy Ball was lighted up at supper, all things ran their course.†(-A Tale of Two Cities, book 2, chapter 7, page 117), which emphasizes the role class struggle plays in the fate of France. 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Anne And Alice Similar Women - 1314 Words

Anne and Alice: Similar Women, Different Lives Imagine watching all the presidential debates, reading all the news articles, hearing all the campaign speeches, but having to sit in the living room. Imagine living in a country heralded as the birthplace of liberty, and yet being denied the ability to vote, the ability to have a voice in politics and play a part in the democracy. Cheated, vexed, and marginalized: the exact feelings of many American women. From these women came the First Wave Feminists, a group of suffragettes who utilized protests, pamphlets, and petitions to obtain the rights they deserved. One suffragette, Alice Paul, was often at the head of these movements. Through parading, picketing, and protesting, Paul dedicated her life to women’s voting rights. Born not into wealth, but a small Quaker community, Paul spent her childhood in a quiet corner of New Jersey. Keeping with the teachings of their religion, Alice and her three siblings were raised to believe that men and women were inherently equal. After s mall-town religious elementary schools, Paul went on to Swarthmore College to earn a four-year Biology degree. As a teen and young adult, Paul always planned on changing the world, but it wasn’t until her stay in England that she became a â€Å"militant feminist† (Carol). In England, feminism was shifting from peaceful protests to primarily violent and destructive protests led by the Pankhurst family, radical feminist Emmeline and her two daughters. HeavilyShow MoreRelatedDivine Rebellion Anne Hutchinson1362 Words   |  6 PagesBook Analysis: Divine Rebel (Anne Hutchinson) Final Draft In U.S. history the roles of society were decide by gender, men’s role was mostly the same throughout history, but the women’s role changed slowly over time. There was many women who were fighting to change their roles and one such woman is Anne Marbury Hutchinson. In â€Å"Divine Rebel† Selma R. Williams tells the story of Anne Hutchinson, who was a Puritan woman of the late 1500s, and researched informations was hard to find. There was a movementRead MoreEugenics In The 1920s Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the progressive components of the 1920s which where thought could potentially lead to a decline in the racial qualities of the future generations of Americans. The roaring 20s saw a drastic evolution of women, from passive and constricted to an active and liberated individual. Women now had the right to vote, they were becoming part of the workforce, the fashion they wore changed, and they were now petitioning divorce. All these traits were epitomized by the flappers, who above all flauntedRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Characters And Their Surroundings1363 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Politics in Meridian through Characterization and Modernism In Alice Walker’s Meridian, the portrayal of characters and their surroundings gives great insight to the world of moral and domestic standards for both women and men in the 1960s. Walker characterizes Meridian Hill and Anne-Marion Coles as two different women with strong personalities and ideals between them and implements a modernist approach in the novel by manipulating the sequence of time to create an understanding of the socialRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641659 Words   |  7 Pagesthat not only permeated educational, governmental, occupational and recreational institutions, but also affected the way in which the Bill of Rights was applied to certain groups of people. 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Under the Influence of the Media - 1433 Words

Under the Influence of Media The media is a big influence on people’s perception and the movies, in particular, give us not only entertainment but also an alternate way of thinking about the possibilities that can be given in life. In particular, action movies in America remind their young adult audience that good will always prevail. They teach us timeless morals that can be applied to our daily lives and with that, we may look at the starred protagonist as a role model since they take on realistic challenges that we can somehow relate to. Whether it is to be witty, muscular, intelligent, skilled, or perseverant, young adults aspire to become just like these inspirations or role models. These fictional characters tend to reflect society’s idea of â€Å"perfection†. However, society’s idea of perfection changes over time, often skewed and too ambiguous to achieve. In search of inspiration and role models, films influence society just as much as society influences film. Classic movies provide the foundation of all movies in which other productions can compare to. The advancement of movies cannot happen without the success or mistakes of others. Despite developing technology and its trials and errors, some trends appeal to the audience and remain a necessity in each individual movie genre, carried onto the next generations. The action film did not become a dominant genre until the 1980s. Made popular by actors like Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Bruce Lee, actionShow MoreRelatedMedias Influence on Children Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe powerful media is considered a leading influence in our society both directly and indirectly. Media is available and readily accessible today more easily than ever. Printed materials, television, sound recordings, internet, and radio all fall under the umbrella of the big bad – or seemingly bad word – media. Is media bad? How is it controlled? And where does this all stem from†¦ ? 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For Love, Glory, And Honor Essay Example For Students

For Love, Glory, And Honor Essay FOR LOVE, GLORY, AND HONORHER LITTLE MAJESTY: THE LIFE OF QUEEN VICTORIAAuthor: Carolly EricksonNovember 1, 1999FOR LOVE, GLORY, AND HONORHer Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria, written by Carolly Erickson, was a candid tale of the life of Victoria, a British queen whose obstinate and pertinacious behavior helped to maintain Englands impenetrable reign over the rest of the world. Erickson aimed to prove that women, such as Victoria, were entirely competent of governing themselves and others, even though women were regarded as inferior and in need of male supervision. The author successfully accomplished her purpose of depicting Victoria in a positive light by imforming the reader of how she managed to triumph over adversity despiite her callous upbringing. Princess Alexandria Victoria was born on May 24, 1819, to the Duke and Duchess of Kent in Kensington Palace. Unfortunately, the Duke passed away shortly after her birth. Therefore, Victorias upbringing was left in the hands of her avaricious and irascible mother in the hands of her fathers tyrannical equerry, Captain Conroy. With only their own self-interests in mind, Victorias care takers attempted to deprive the young princess of her childhood by enforcing stringent rules and by confining her to the palace. Her own relatives tired to deny her noteworthy status of being third in line for the throne, and they publicly regarded her as an intruder. However, there were, in fact, many favorable aspects of Victoria;s childhood and adolescence. Victoria was taught the grace of dance and the beauty of art in her childhood, and she learned to appreciate her future role as queen through her extensive study of British history. She was quite a determined and uncompromising young princess, and t his attitude remained with her throughout her reign as Queen of England. Soon after the death of King William IV, Princess Victoria was crowned as queen at the legal age of eighteen. Queen Victoria aspired to be a fit and upright ruler of England, and iwth the assistance of the English government, Victoria was able to constitute order in all areas of her empire. Her marriage to her cousin, Prince Albert of Sax-Coburg-Gotha, was very advantageous and favorable for both Victoria and her empire. Albert privided the emotional stability that Victoria required in that period of time, and he also supplied England with his wonderful expertise in political and social issues. Their marriage produced nine children who continued this English dynasty after the death of their parents. Alberts tragic death had a detrimental impact on Victorias life because her husbands served as an emotional crutch for her, and she suddenly felt overwhelmed by her responsibilities as queen. However, with the guidance of her extraordinary prime ministers, Victoria was able to be victorio us in wars in Crimea an Prussia. Uner Victorias rule, England was able to assert its power over India, a country in which Victoria attempted to gain popularity among its citizens. Queen Victoria also organized housing arrangements for Englands less fortunate citizens and medical care for the workmen in Englands factories. There were incessant disputes among the Whigs and Tories in Parliament, which Victoria successfully ceased, and there were difficulties concerning the British occupation of Sudan, Africa. However, Victoria was able to overcome these hardships and to gain the admiration of her kingdom. On January 22, 1901, Queen Victoria died at the age of eighty one, leaving behind an empire that lamented over the death of such a remarkable ruler. Carolly Ericksons biography of Queen Victoria provided an equitable insight into Victoiras life as queen. Erickson supplied elaborate descriptions of Englands palaces and royal celebrations, allowing the reader to easily envision these places and festivities. For example, the author described the House of Windsor with a great deal of detail when writing, Beyond the magnificent furnishings, glowing tapestries, and fine paintings that adorned the ancient castles living quarters, there were riches brought from India, booty taken from Tippoo Sahib, including a golden tigers head and sparkling sculpted peacock studded with rubies and emeralds. .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 , .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .postImageUrl , .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 , .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:hover , .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:visited , .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:active { border:0!important; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:active , .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69 .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49a97f0bde5a1d4fca52f47c8496de69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pestel Analysis On Dabur Company EssayFurthermore, the author also included excerpts from Victorias private journal, which she maintained in the years before and during her rule. These excerpts allowed the reader to view Victoria with feelings of admiration and enderment. The reader was able to share in Victorias triumphs and tragedies and to understand the emotions that she felt during certain episodes in her life. For instance, Victoria was terribly grieved after the death of her beloved husband, and she felt as if she was lacking part of her soal because of his untimely death. The readers gained an insight into her pain when reading an excerpt from her journal in which she said, I stood up, kissing his dear heavenly forehead and called out in a bitter agonizing cry: ?Oh! my dear darling! and then dropped on my knees in mute, distracted despair, unable to utter a word or shed a tear. This biography was a delight and pleasure to read because of these personal excerpts taken from Victorias private diary. Victoria often imparted information in the entries of her journal, recounting her feelings toward some of her political advisors. She once wrote of a dispute with one of her advisors and of her animosity toward him. She said, I pitched into him with a vehemence and indignation-which was at any rate inspired by the British Lion-and he remaine shrinking but still craven-hearted. These variety of excerpts added an overall enjoyable quality to this masterpiece of a biography, which was very difficult to put aside until the very end because it was vivid portrait of the former empress. Erickson masterfully described Queen Victorias positive and negative traits in this well-written biography. The author showed that despite her short and pauchy physique, Victoria was able to become a domineering figure in England, leaving an everlasting mark on English society. Queen Victoria was a determined, high-minded, and often ill-natured woman, yet these traits, which seemed negative, were actually quite admirable. It was due to this obstinacy that Victoria was able to assert here power over her empire. Queen Victoria was the pride of England, and she was truly concerned for the well-being of her nation because everything she did was for the love, glory, and honor of her empire. Her Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria was published in 1997 by Simon and Schusterin, the United States of America. The author, Carollly Erickson, is quite an accomplished and eminent biographer who has written eleven highly acclaimed biogaphies while residing in here home in Hawaii. She is a celebrated author whose biographies and histories have reached audiences all around the world. European History Essays

Social Behavior Essays - Attachment Theory, Strange Situation

Social Behavior Why have psychologists stressed the importance of attachment behaviours in development? Many theorists agree that social contact early in a child's life is important for healthy personality development. This is the most important relationship of the child development period as it is from this that the child drives its confidence in the world. A break from this relationship is experienced as highly distressing and constitutes a considerable trauma (Schaffer 1964). Through frequent social and emotional exchanges with parents the infant not only defines itself, but also acquires a particular style and orientation that some researchers believe is carried over into later life (Sroufe 1978). Therefore, the relationship between an infant and its caregiver and its development is one that has generated much interest to developmental psychologists. John Bowlby (1958, 1968) put forward a comprehensive account of attachment and believed that the infant and mother instinctively trigger each other's behaviour to form an attachment bond. Attachment can therefore be defined as ' the ability to form focused, permanent and emotionally meaningful relationships with specific others' (Butterworth & Harris 1994). In child psychology, attachment is often restricted to a relationship between particular social figures and to a particular phenomenon thought to reflect unique characteristics of the relationship ( Santrock & Bartlett 1986). This essay will attempt to examine the role and importance of attachment behaviours in development. In Bowlby's view, there is a dyadic emotional regulation between the infant and the mother or caregiver. The infant has innate signals to elicit responses from the caregiver. Conversely, infant behaviour such as crying, cooing, smiling etc are elicited by the caregivers specific actions e.g. leaving the room or putting the infant down. Santrock and Bartlett (1986) found that'the infant's behaviour is directed by the primary goal of maintaining the mother's proximity. The baby processes information about the mother's location and changes his behaviour based on this fact. Thusinstinct or a fixed pattern is the primary force for developmental change, but is transformed through social experience.' This reciprocal tie of mother and infant is a state that ensures care and protection during the most vulnerable period of development. This attachment to the mother has a clear biological survival value, explaining the significance of the mother-infant interaction within the overall framework of attachment behaviour. Sroufe (1991) supports this view, he maintains that attachment refers to a behavioural system, which is 'selected for its effect on the reproductive success of individuals in the environment in which they evolved.' Bowlby argued that different attachment behaviours, such as crying, following etc, are functionally related, in that all may lead to the same outcome - the caregiver-infant proximity (Sroufe 1991). Bowlby argues that attachment, is therefore a primary process, which is innate, and is mediated by social interchange. Here the visual channel plays an important role, i.e. through smiling and eye to eye contacts. Bowlby outlined four phases of the development of attachment as an integrated system of behaviours in infants: Phase 1:- Birth - 2/3 months The infant directs his attachment to human figures on an instinctual bias; all are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying because the infant is not discriminating. Phase 2:- 3-6 months The infant's attachment focuses on one figure, typically the primary caregiver. Phase 3:- 6-9 months The intensity of attachment to the mother or caregiver increases. Due to this and newly acquired motor skills, the infant now readily seeks the proximity to the caregiver. Phase 4:- 9-12 months The elements of attachment listed above become integrated into a mutual system of attachment to which both infant and mother contribute. Bowlby argued that communication between the infant and the caregiver takes the form of non verbal communication, this can be eye to eye contact, or face to face interaction. He went on to propose that the baby's smile is the essential catalyst that generates the infant-caregiver interaction. The interaction goes through positive feedback on both sides until it becomes a conversation of visually perceived gestures. Wright (1991) outlines the progress of this progression of 'smiling' in the development of attachment behaviours: Begins at birth: At first the smile is fleeting and incomplete. 4-5 weeks: The smile is now nearly complete and the trigger for the smile becomes more specific. 5-6 weeks: The smile response is now fully formed. 6-10 weeks: The mother/caregivers face evokes a more immediate and generous smile than any other does. 2-3 months: The smile response to the mothers/ caregivers and other familiars becomes more dominant; with responses to strangers becoming weaker. 8 months onwards: The specificity of response becomes firmly established; strangers are responded